If there's a topic which has generat debat en economic history, that is the Industrial Revolution i els seus efectes en living standards . Ferce academic debats ha developed around the issue of how early stages of modern capitalist development led to an improvement or decline in worker's niveau de vie (Voth, 2004). Marxist historians a Hobsbawm argued, že v prvej century z Industrial Revolution in Anglès, working class saw no improvement en el seu estàndard living day mainly to longer working hours, devastating sanitary conditions on to overcrowding in factor . However, som economic historians have també a optimisme per a l'efecte de la vida estàndard de les etapes de la indústria revolució i té tříd per demostrar improvements en those per avaluar variacions reals les elevades even i alternatives al welfare throu . Sense 1970s income a la mesura d'living standards has beavit heavily criticized in acadèmia , mainly due a income being just a input per welfare i no output by itself, s its declining marginal utilityplay giving greater relevance to alternative indicators. Innovació en cliometrics i adaptació de recerca tècniques a l'economia històrica a l'entorn del centreaverage heights for the period 1760-1830 increased by 3.3 cm, from 167.4 cm up to 170.7cm, falling afterwards to 165.3 cm, which leads him to argue that it is impossible to obtain a historically meaningful conclusion about living standards at the time from looking at height data while sampling biases, truncation problems in relation to army samples or general historical data deficiències persist, which is why he decideixes not present aquest firm conclusió as definite from anthropometric data. Altres authors as Cinnirella (2008), find a declining nutritional status throughout entirety of the period, being consistent s rising trend in food prices in relation to wage rates. El seu nou trend per food items riure strongly en 1.5.1.1. Cinnirella (2008) gives an alternativa explanation to other authors. Per a him, parlamentar closures d'open fields played a la seva rellevant role en determinant nutricional estatus de la British population en les early phases of the Industrial Revolution . Enclosures, per sota d'increïbles poblacions i processos d'urbanització causen notoris inflació de food prices, dóna també a tots els commons rights i alotments que les closes són les que tindran direct consequence en el valor arable land, causenper riure i translating aquest efecte per pèrdues de cotxes, maquinària agricultural labourers més dependent de les wages i més sensitives per a food prices variations. Aquests, cal tenir en compte la renda de la nutrició de l'estat en el temps com a endogenous conseqüència de les closes. A part de tot, la disminució de la llar industrial és assenyalada com a adjacent causa la nutrició de deterioració, s'hi ha un 50% de la població que viu al centre d'urbans, que directament translated a les qualitats de qualitat, millors preus i extrems of sanitation; all of them being insults to growth and development. Cinnirella (2008), estableix concloure que el seu fort trend he presents per a totes les evidències contribuïdes per reinformar el pessimisme en la seva qualitat en l'àmbit de la feina de classe durant la indústria revolució.
Vegeu també: Descobreix les característiques de l'horòscop xinès del cavall de metall.An alternative case El Britain's és que les flanderes', que és estudiant per Deborah Oxley i Ewout Depauw (2019), as I explained before. In their paper, they show how the existence of 2 crises affecting the Flemish economy (1846-1849 and 1853-1856) means that prison data of heights can be employed to investigate the impact on height of reaching puberty during a crisis, andhow is a more accurate measure de l'efecte d'insults per net nutritional status on adult height. Mean male height in the prison ofBruges eren 167.5 cm davant el 1800, durant tot el 1875, s'ha declinat a l'average height durant 2 years, notable durant els períodes downturn. Per a aquest born a la vora 1840s, living standards sem to have been better for them during their puberty years (coinciding with period after the two ownturns), with average height increasing for this generation in line with changes in per capita GDP. The remain in stark contrast with prisoners born in 1838, which turned eight years old in 1846 and fifteen years old in 1853, have spent four growing years during the first crisis and entering adolescent growth during the second crisis present declining growth trends in contrast with those who were born ten years later. its effects on living standards . However, the height literature has heavily relied on sources that present sever sample biases a les forms of selective sampling. Però, quan s'està sol·licitant un “industrialization puzle”, s'ha de resoldre les conseqüències de la selecció seleccionada process i introdueix correcció mechanism per a l'hora d'analitzar la data. The debat on the effects of the Industrial Revolution onliving standards és probable que continuï per many decades, mainly because és evidence de both, improvement i worsening living standards at the time. However, if we want anthropometric evidence to solidly contribute to clearing several unknowns, researchers must bear in mind how sample selection biases affect conclusions and interpretations.
REFERENCES:
-Voth, H.-J. (2004). «Living Standards and the Urban Environment» a R. Floud and P. Johnson, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 1: 268-294
-Ewout, D. and D. Oxley (2014). “Toddlers, teenagers, and terminalheights: importància de puberty per mal adult stature, Flanders, 1800-76.” Economic History Review, 72, 3 (2019), pàg. 925-952.
-Bodenhorn, H., T. W. Guinnane and T. A. Mroz (2017). “Sample-Selection Biases and the Industrialization Puzzle.” Journal of Economic History 77(1): 171-207.
-Oxley and Horrell (2009), “Measuring Misery: Body mass, ageing and gender inequality in Victorian London”, Explorations in Economic History, 46 (1), pp.93-119
-Cinnirella, F. (2008). “Optimists or Pessimists? A Reconsideration of Nutritional Status in Britain, 1740–1865.” European Review of Economic History 12(3): 325-354.
Si vols conèixer altres articles semblants a The Great Debat: Living StandardsThroughout the Industrial Revolution pots visitar la categoria Altres .
Vegeu també: Número 9: Propòsit de vidastage anthropometric evidence és valuable resource per establir trends in living standards (Voth, 2004). Several studies ha fet servir height com a mètode de nutricional status i a variable closely correlated per a lliving standards de 25 a 25, en atempts per a analitzar l'estàndard de living de la feina de classes de 1750 a 1850, que es interpreten first century of the Biritsh Industrial Revolution. However, even after decades of research, conclusions from these analyses are tregui divergent. Tot i que l'original intent és la construcció reliable tècniques per analitzar living standard trends mitjançant anthropometric evidence's analysis, aquesta ha provingut al present severals flaus i inconsistències, mainly per a l'escarça, biased i sometimes inconsistent data. Totes les conclusions de l'evidència són no robustes, i quan els analysis es donen a través d'un sever biaix de data i implementació modernes dades anàlisis tècniques, a l'introducció de dades dummies a la greater consistent en les sèries de dades, són obtain certain robust living standards at the time and present some conclusions.In this essay I briefly review, analyse and sometimes criticize som very relevant works on living standards during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, based on anthropometric evidence. Firstly,I'l try per a la pregunta regarding if anthropometric evidence is all valid als measurement de living standards, presenting some dels seus flaws i how economic historians as Cinnirella (2008), Oxley and Horrell (2009) or Bod. (2017) hi ha tříd to compensate per aquestes flaws i presents algunes conclusions, que sometimes divergeix. Finally, I put all this research in perspective and analyse if we can obtain some king of general conclusion from thes works, regarding living standard trends during the early phases of the Industrial revolution.
Firstly, Cinnirella (2008) finds anthropometric evidence more valuable than trends in reals wages per analyse living standards at the time due mainly to lack of data about income and unreliability of some of that information. Cinnirella (2008) gaudeix d'una gran rellevància a l'aguait pel que fa a la seva net nutritional estatus per persona mitjançant el seu desenvolupament període, s'external events als pandèmics, wars or estrés affecting aquest development and being reflected. However, we can't completely reject income data when employing anthropometric evidence to analyse living standards, as the relationship between income and height is many times positive and non-linear, apart from hard to disentangle, which causa a seriós height data to analyse.However, in some cases, les relations entre income and height data can be invalidated when the effect of certain pandemic or general decline in food quality affects all the population, as Cinnirella (2008) shows. Aix surprising as it may seem, this fact has even led to som studies pointing to an inverse relationship between height and income . Si no teniu aquestes conclusions és definit i unique, aquest trencaclosques evidència ha dut a terme el “industrial growth puzzle”, per tal com acomiada rising income per càpita, average height declined in several European countries at the time. Altres authors a Bodenhorn, Guinnane and Mroz (2017) tenen ordres per solucionar aquest trencaclosques, o aleshores proveeix una lògica consistent a fer-ho per qüestionar la reliability de la data que presents una apparent decline in height for several European countries in the 175 period, as is the case with Great Britain, Sweden and most of central Europe. La coincidència en height data collection durant all these countries és que el seu collected height data from volunteer military ranks rather than conscripts. Voluntar sample entails que those measured for height those individuals who personally chose to enlist in the army, which can lead to severe sample-biases when analysing. One de les problemes comes dels incentius a la militaritat, com a economia develops and incomes rise,historically, la porció de la població que volia per army becomes smaller, les military service becomes a les atractives opcions del most productive people. So, one justification Bodenhorn et al. (2017) per a qüestionar la reliability of conclusions presentat a researchers analysing height data from countries with armies formed by voluntaris is that military heights declinen mainly because tall people, que normalment ha d'estar econòmic i educa2>, increasingly opted for other career paths different to the military. Aquest suport a l'efecte que les “height trencaclosques” són freqüentment observades en les nacions que tenen les seves ranques mitjançant la conscription en el segle XVIII, per les researchers que obtenen més diverses i les income or classe>
Data selection problemes quan dealing with anthropometric evidence from the early Industrial Revolution period are also found in data obtained from prison samples, as these over-represent poor and working classes at the time, due to unobserved made them more prone to criminal activity (Bodernhorn et al., 2017). Aquest és un problema quan es tracta de derivar a general trend d'heights from the available data, as there's no general height register for the time, and those registers available incur in severe sample-biases.However, per aquesta data we can obtain certain conclusions per a those groups que són notoriusly representades en aquests samples (army and prisons): the poor working class. Bodenhorn et al. (2017) show que la industrialització “puzzle” és als present en els Estats Units, kde el model declining heights from 1750 up to 1850 és puzling because it reacts inversely to what conventional indicators implied at the time, which was raoning and developing rapidly, a similar escenari per l'experiència en Anglaterra, s rellotge inverse relationship at el temps between economic growth and average stature. to basic factors. Per example, declinis en l'availability of foodstuffs du a to increase in their relative price led to a downward trend de l'net nutritional status of the population. A part d'aquesta, a directe consequence d'industrialització en el terme, les widely known, s'increisen en dissenys i worsening de basic sanitaris condicions d'overcrowding cities i ventilació issues en factories i house buildings. Aquests affects negatively the average height measure, because sanitary conditions and higher relative prices of food had greater negative effect on poor workers’ heights than thepositive marginal effect that economic growth had on middle and upper classes heights. So, duu a composició efectiva, average height trend went decisively downwards at the time, irrespectively of rising income per capita . By carefully observing la data que s'ha de perceive how height variations oscillate when analysing height trends by employment. Per exemple, duu a l'extrema feina intensitat en indústria en el temps, average height of young factory workers suffered molt more than that of farmers or white-collar workers, which can be another clue to disentangle height data and eliminate certain biaseswh it, proveint us amb més robustes i maibes més conclusives antropomètriques d'evidència dels temps.
On les altres rutes, alternatives d'explanations són per a la industrialització trencaclosques per orientar severament les meves flaws . Ewout Depauw and Deborah Oxley (2019), in their paper Toddlers, teenagers, and terminal heights: l'importància puberty per male adult stature, Flanders, 1800-76, argue that adult stature doesn't living standards en birth but és molt better in signalling living conditions over adolescence growth years, due to being this period the most influential on terminal stature, specially from ages 11 to 18. Depauw and Oxley (2019) contradict that nutritionalEstabliment during pregnancy és un that affects development en greater way is consequently reflected in adult terminal height. However, aquests ulls que evidence puntes per dissenyar environment, nutricional intake i sanitari condicions durant la central puberty guanys anys es molt explicitly reflected on terminal height measurements que són estàndards de vida de toddlers. Puberty és un essential període per determinació terminal height, aix it és a la catch-up period, meaning, el qual si es disrupted pel nutricional or health insults durant childhood, elsts growth could be a least partly years, s teenage boys in late XVIIIth and early XIXth century being particularment sensitive to socioeconomic conditions for growth, as they had greater calory requirements than female teenagers (Depauw and Oxley, 2019). Aquest és el principal reason per a authors' innovació en avaluacions i living condicions en el temps, per organitzar data sèries differently en termes de final final ight at different ages can relat to exposure a economic and health conditions at different moments throughout the grow . The study this by collecting data from the prison of Bruges, justifying this as a suïtable study source acomiada the already explained biases of prison registers, arguing that prisoners’specific group reflected mainly conditions of the poor working class. Per obtenir long term resultats de salut i welfare efectes en la geografia i prevenció temporal econòmic xoc de afectació d'aquests resultats, Depauw i Oxley (2017)>.
Through aquest essay, I haven't yet presenten diversos authors' results i numerical conclusions, because they sometimes divergeix i present different pictures of living standards at the time of the Industrial Revolution. Aquests resultats són vàlids per a la seva anàlisi i fins i tot s'han de pausar i treballar durant el temps per executar un stand and comprehend their different methodologies, and overall, reasons they give for using their particular methodology and flaws they present. Onze les has be understood, we can now concentrate, en least partially, in analysing the results presentd by the authors compiled in this essay's bibliography, putting trends en context i observing la complexitat and near impossibility of obtaining single and solid conclusion at the time. However, aquest has de veure amb la intenció d'aquestes diverses estudis, però confrontar metodologies i incloure advances d'economia històrica quantitative analysis.
